Breaking gravity waves (GWs) are a major source of turbulence and momentum deposition in the middle atmosphere. In spite of the importance of this phenomenon, the small-scale vortex structures associated with wave breaking remain poorly documented …

A high-resolution model in conjunction with realistic background wind and temperature profiles has been used to simulate gravity waves (GWs) that were observed by an atmospheric radar at Syowa Station, Antarctica on 18 May 2021. The simulation …

Tropopause folding events (TFs) are characterized by the rapid and deep descent of the tropopause and is considered to play a significant role in mass exchange between the stratosphere and troposphere. In the present study, TFs occurring in the …